Potential Targets in Innate Immunity Receptors for Gastric Cancer: Insights from  Virtual Screening in TCM and In Vitro Assay

Abbas   Ganjali; Baratali  Fakheri; Abbas  Bahari; Leila  Fahmideh; Reza  Valadan; Mehdi  Tavakolizadeh

doi:10.18502/ajmb.v18i2.21503

Abbas Ganjali University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Baratali Fakheri Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Abbas Bahari Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
Leila Fahmideh Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Reza Valadan Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Mehdi Tavakolizadeh Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ajmb.v18i2.21503

Keywords: Cell cycle, Drug development, Gene expression, Immune system, Plant extracts, Signal transduc-tion, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4

Abstract

Background: Gastric Cancer (GC) poses a substantial global health threat, ranking as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among gastrointestinal malignancies. This investigation explores the potential therapeutic implications of plant extracts on gastric cancer, with a specific focus on their effects on the innate immune system.

Methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted using 200 Sequence Read Runs (SRRs) thigh samples associated with gastrointestinal cancer tissue, juxtaposed with pathologically confirmed healthy tissues serving as controls. Differential Gene Expression (DGE) testing, encompassing the examination of 28,000 genes, including 95 pivotal genes associated with the innate immune system, was conducted. Findings elucidate alterations in the expression of key pattern recognition receptors, such as TLR2 and TLR4, as well as pivotal molecules within their signaling pathways. In pursuit of potential antagonists for these receptors, virtual screening on the Maestro docking platform in the Schrödinger 2022 package was conducted, evaluating 220,000 diverse tautomer’s of plant active substances. Selected candidates, exhibiting superior docking scores across four additional platforms, were subjected to further scrutiny.

Results: MMT results showed that nettle extract showed significant cytotoxic effects within 12 hr compared to the control (no treatment) sample, resulting in a 34.7% reduction in AGS cancer cell viability. The flow cytometry test showed that the control group had 71%, and groups treated with nettle extract for two and 12 hr had 65.3 and 67.18% viable cells, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant, indicating that nettle extract selectively preserves healthy living cells.

Conclusion: Cytotoxicity tests and cell cycle assessments confirmed the ability of nettle extract to reduce the survival of GC cells. This property makes nettle a promising candidate for drug development in this direction.