A Descriptive Review of Non-Invasive Techniques for Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring

Abstract

Purpose: This paper aims to thoroughly investigate non-invasive techniques employed in monitoring Intracranial Pressure (ICP) accompanied by a thorough exploration of the research endeavors in this specialized domain.

Materials and Methods: A thorough review of papers sourced from PubMed was conducted to explore the latest methods utilized in monitoring Intracranial Pressure (ICP). A search was carried out for review papers, systematic reviews, books and documents, and meta-analysis using the term “non-invasive AND intracranial pressure AND monitoring” yielding 82 results. The study systematically examined past and recent literature, focusing prominently on newer techniques. The gathered data from these sources was diligently incorporated into the paper, providing updated insights into ICP monitoring methods. These techniques were then analyzed and compared to highlight their advantages and disadvantages, based on their applications.

Results: The review focused on several key non-invasive methods for Intracranial Pressure (ICP) monitoring, notably encompassing Imaging techniques such as CT and MRI, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD) measurement, and Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Ultrasound. These modalities were examined for efficacy and feasibility in non-invasively assessing and monitoring ICP and compared accordingly.

Conclusion: While invasive methodologies, particularly the intraventricular catheter, are commonly favored in clinical settings for Intracranial Pressure (ICP) monitoring due to their accuracy, non-invasive alternatives gain traction, especially when employing invasive techniques isn't viable. The emergence of non-invasive methods marks a significant stride in ICP monitoring. Despite their relatively lower familiarity in clinical practice, these non-invasive approaches present notable advantages, notably enhanced safety and a reduced risk of infection. Their growing significance lies in offering feasible options when invasive monitoring poses challenges, thus expanding the scope and safety of ICP monitoring beyond conventional invasive methods.