Replacing IR Wavelength Instead of Visible Wavelength on the BG Network Model to Improve the Effects of Optogenetic Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Shabnam Andalibi  Miandoab; Nazlar  Ghasemzadeh

doi:10.18502/fbt.v12i2.18278

Shabnam Andalibi Miandoab Department of Electrical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Nazlar Ghasemzadeh Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v12i2.18278

Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease; Optogenetic; Infrared Neural Stimulation; Basal Ganglia Network Model.

Abstract

Purpose: In optogenetics, visible light is usually used, which limits the penetration depth into the tissue, and placing optical fibers to deliver light to deep areas of the brain is necessary. In this paper, to overcome limitations, the use of Near-Infrared light (NRI) and temperature-sensitive opsins has been proposed as a powerful, non-invasive, or minimally invasive tool due to greater penetration depth, with the least damage and most effectiveness in brain tissue.

Materials and Methods: Effects of optogenetic stimulation with visible light and NIR on the model of Parkinson's Disease (PD) Basal Ganglia-Thalamic (BG-Th) network to reduce or eliminate pathological effects of Parkinson's disease has been studied. Three and four-state optogenetic Halordopsin (NpHR) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) opsins at visible wavelengths and four-state optogenetic with Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) opsins at NIR wavelengths for different frequencies and number of stimulation pulses and light intensity on Error Index (EI) and beta band activity in the BG-TH to introduce optimal values for basic parameters of f, ns, and Alight have been considered. Finally, we obtained Alight effects on the beta band activity for different optogenetic stimulations and opsins (NpHR, ChR2, TRPV1, and TRPA1).

Results: Four-state optogenetic stimulation TRPA1 at 808 nm is optimal with the best results, lowest EI, and beta band activity. By increasing Alight, beta band activity for all used opsins has decreased, which is sharp for NpHR, and TRPA1 with 808 nm, with low intensity, has caused less beta band activity.

Conclusion: The Near-Infrared light with the best results and the lowest beta band activity (Beta activity=0.2) is more effective.