Nutrition Labeling in Iran: Evolution, Outcomes, and Future Directions: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. As healthy nutrition significantly contributes to the prevention of NCDs, several nutritional policies have been implemented globally to improve dietary patterns, including nutrition labeling policies. In 2014, the Iranian government launched the traffic light labeling (TLL) policy, with the mandatory phase implemented in 2016. However, no comprehensive review has been conducted to examine the TLL policymaking process in Iran, its effectiveness, and potential improvement strategies. Methods: This narrative review aims to explore the evolution, outcomes, and future directions of nutrition labeling in Iran. Results: The high prevalence of NCDs, alongside the government’s commitment to controlling these diseases and addressing major dietary risk factors, served as a political driver for TLL implementation. International influences, such as the experiences of other countries with similar policies, also contributed. However, the policy has faced criticism, including the absence of sufficient educational programs, lack of an accurate monitoring system, limited evidence-based decision-making, and the use of back-of-package (BOP) rather than front-of-package (FOP) labeling. Conclusion: Despite the limitations, several studies indicate positive effects of TLL on food-related behaviors among the Iranian population. Nevertheless, large-scale research is required to more rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of TLL. Further improvements could include relocating TLL to the FOP, considering alternative labeling systems such as Nutri-Score, promoting educational initiatives, and establishing transparent and effective monitoring systems.