Cold plasma technology for aflatoxin B1 detoxification in foods: focused review of mechanisms, efficiency, and implementation challenges: a review

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), as a secondary metabolite by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria, a potent carcinogen, is a major global food safety concern. Traditional decontamination methods often compromise food quality or leave residues. Non-thermal cold plasma presents a promising alternative, effectively degrading AFB1 without heat. This technology utilizes reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) to break down the toxin. Different systems— including dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), plasma jets, and corona discharge—have demonstrated high efficacy while preserving food quality. Their success depends on key parameters like gas composition, treatment time, and the food matrix itself. However, challenges remain for industrial adoption. Scaling up the technology, ensuring regulatory approval, and maintaining the sensory and nutritional properties of treated food are critical hurdles. Future research should explore hybrid methods combining plasma with other treatments and conduct long-term in-vivo safety studies. This review assesses the current state and future potential of cold plasma as a sustainable solution for mitigating AFB1 contamination and enhancing food security