Measurement of bisphenol A in non-alcoholic malt beverages by the MSPE/GC-MS technique: A risk assessment study

Abstract

The goal of this research was to assess the level of Bisphenol A (BPA) in samples of non-alcoholic malt beverage using the technique of MSPE/GC-MS (magnetic graphene solid-phase extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Results revealed that the mean ± standard deviation (min- max) of BPA in all samples was 2.41 ± 0.60 μg/L (1.08 - 4.25 μg/L). As the data show, the BPA content in non-alcoholic malt beverages was upper than the standard level of EU (European Union) (the new EU standard level, no amount of bisphenol A is allowed in food). The maximum average of BPA was in the 330 mL (Can) volume (2.53 ± 0.53 μg/L) and the minimum average was in the 1000 mL (PET) volume (2.30 ± 0.47 μg/L). The maximum average of BPA was in samples stored at 27°C (2.47 ± 0.53 μg/L) and the minimum average was in samples stored at 7°C (2.35 ± 0.57 μg/L). The contamination level increased slightly over time, with the highest mean BPA observed in samples close to the expiration date (2.53 ± 0.63 μg/L) and the lowest mean in samples close to the production date (2.15 ± 0.47 μg/L). The 95th percentile chronic daily intake (CDI) values of BPA in non-alcoholic malt beverages for children, adolescents, and adults were 3.64E-6, 1.61E-6, and 1.05E-6 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The 95th percentile target hazard quotient (THQ) values for children, adolescents, and adults were 1.92E+1, 8.63E+0, and 5.48E+0, respectively, all of which exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1, demonstrating potential non-carcinogenic risks of human health. Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that—given the risks associated with this compound in Iranian beverages—further investigation and enhanced monitoring are essential