Challenges in Providing Reproductive and Gynecologic Care to Women with Intellectual Disabilities:  A Review of Existing Literature

Prakriti Singh Shrestha; Angela Ishak; Upasana Maskey; Purushottam Neupane; Sarosh Sarwar; Shreeya Desai; Faris Naffa; Claudia Maria  Cuevas Lou; Miguel  Diaz-Miret

doi:10.18502/jfrh.v16i1.8589

Prakriti Singh Shrestha Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Angela Ishak Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Upasana Maskey Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Purushottam Neupane Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Sarosh Sarwar Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Shreeya Desai Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Faris Naffa Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Claudia Maria Cuevas Lou Division of Family and Community Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
Miguel Diaz-Miret Division of Family and Community Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v16i1.8589

Keywords: Intellectual Disability; Women; Contraception; Reproductive Health

Abstract

Objective: Our review aims to focus on identifying challenges faced by intellectually disabled women (IDW) in receiving gynecological and reproductive care and also highlights evidence based strategies to overcome those challenges.

Materials and methods: We conducted a literature review discussing challenges faced by IDW in obtaining healthcare services by thorough search on various electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus) starting from 2000 to 28 August 2021 excluding all non-english articles, reviews, editorials and letters to editor. The keywords used for search were “reproductive care”, “gynecologic care”, “intellectual disability”, “mental handicap”, and "mental retardation".

Results: The existing literature review showed that IDW have difficulty maintaining menstrual hygiene and lack knowledge regarding contraception use and sexual health resulting in violations of their reproductive rights. Sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer are common among IDW due to their vulnerability to sexual abuse. Nulliparity in IDW increases their suspectibility to even breast cancer. Moreover, they face problems with sexually transmitted infection (STI) and cancer screening due to physical barriers for assessment, low socio-economic status, physician-patient communication issues and deficit in skilled providers. Short acting sedatives such as ketamine or midazolam can be used to overcome challenges faced with gynecological and obstetric examination. Finally forced sterilization and institutionalization has been a habitual practice as menstrual hygiene and pregnancy in IDW raise concerns on psychosocial challenges along with associated obstetric complications.

Conclusion: Reproductive and sexual health education including contraception use can be provided by using evidence based strategies involving use of pictures, animations and models by adequately trained healthcare providers including midwives. Further research involving IDW is needed to allow state-wise laws and policies to be created to mitigate the challenges and improve health outcomes in this population.