Quantifying Health-Related Risk Factors Associated with Breast and Prostate Cancer Burden: The Role of Trends and Disparities in Obesity and Cholesterol

Seyyed-Ghavam Shafagh; Mohammadreza  Soltaninejad; Parvaneh  Dehghan; Malihe  Babahaji; Seyedeh Nahid  Seyedhasani; Mina Rezaei; Mohsen  Poursadeghiyan; Milad  Ahangarzadeh; Elham Karimi; Sajjad  Rahimi

doi:10.18502/ijph.v54i11.20394

Seyyed-Ghavam Shafagh Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammadreza Soltaninejad Department of Psychology, Emergency Medical Association of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
Parvaneh Dehghan Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
Malihe Babahaji Department of Nursing Education, Abhar School of Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Seyedeh Nahid Seyedhasani Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Mina Rezaei School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Mohsen Poursadeghiyan Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Milad Ahangarzadeh Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Elham Karimi Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Teh-ran, Iran
Sajjad Rahimi Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v54i11.20394

Keywords: Breast cancer; Prostate cancer; Cholesterol; Obesity; Global buden of disease

Abstract

Background: We aimed to identify and quantify trends and disparities in the burden of breast and prostate cancer associated with health-related risk factors.

Methods: Cancer outcomes data, such as age-standardized rate of incidence, prevalence, and mortality were retrieved by year and country. The sociodemographic index (SDI) and human development index (HDI) was extracted from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study and the Human Development Report. Univariate and linear regression analyses were uded to explore mean differences and correlation between cancer outcomes and independent variables.

Results: During their decades, there was an upward trend in age-standardized rate of incidence and prevalence for breast cancer (EAPC=0.15 and 0.09, respectively) and prostate cancer (EAPC=0.12 and 0.27, respectively), but a downward trend in age-standardized rate of mortality for breast (EAPC=−0.14) and prostate cancer (EAPC=−0.17). Over time, the prevalence of obesity and overweight increased by 54% and 34%, respectively. An upward trend in the non-HDL level was observed among middle-SDI (+3.76%), lower-middle-SDI (+6.92%), and low-SDI (+14.14%) countries, whereas the opposite trend was observed for high-middle-SDI (-10.12%) and high-SDI (-25.07%) regions. Multivariable regression revealed that the HDI was the main factors affecting cancer outcomes, especially for the prevalence (beta=0.73, P<0.001) and incidence of prostate cancer (beta=0.59, P<0.001).

Conclusion: Disparities in risk factors of cancer outcomes across different regions highlight the need for indispensable actions and policies on the implementation and evaluation of prevention programs among countries to address this problem.