Milk as a Non-Invasive and Alternative Sample for Serum in the Diagnosis of Animal Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review

Tooran  Nayeri; Shahabeddin  Sarvi; Rohallah  Abedian; Shaban  Gohardehi; Seyed Abdollah  Hosseini; Ahmad  Daryani

doi:10.18502/ijph.v51i9.10551

Tooran Nayeri Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Shahabeddin Sarvi Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Rohallah Abedian Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Shaban Gohardehi Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Seyed Abdollah Hosseini Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Ahmad Daryani Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i9.10551

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; Non-invasive samples; Milk; Serological; Molecular

Abstract

Background: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases worldwide with a high impact on human and animal health. Body fluids such as milk are used to diagnose many parasitic diseases, including toxoplasmosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of milk as a non-invasive and alternative sample for serum in the diagnosis of animal toxoplasmosis.

Methods: Five English-language databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science) were explored for published articles before Dec 2020.

Results: In total, 42 out of 2256 published articles were included in this systematic review. In 21 articles, serum and milk samples were evaluated simultaneously with serological or molecular tests, and the results were compared. The results of descriptive studies and a review of nine experimental studies showed that milk could be used as a non-invasive and alternative sample for the serum in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Conclusion: Due to the relatively high prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in milk, consumption of raw milk from infected animals can be a potential source of human infection and a significant threat to public health. On the other hand, due to the ease and cheapness of collecting milk samples, the use of milk is recommended for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.