Connecting the Dots: A Narrative Exploration of Breast Cancer Risks in Sub-Saharan African

Abstract

Africa contribute significantly in the global burden of breast cancer. Crucial efforts have been made to understand the landscape of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This article specifically examines the the existing evidence to better under- stand the risk factors that shape the epidemiology of breast cancer within the SSA re- gion. This article sets off by discussing the epidemiology of breast cancer in SSA, with emphasis on how disparities occur in the region. The article explored the incidence rate across various countries in SSA. The article explored the various risk factors as- sociated with breast cancer in SSA including genetic factors, relevant biomarkers, hormonal factors, reproductive factors, and some disparities in treatments amongst others. Genetic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were discussed, buttressing how they contribute to the occurrence of breast cancer in the region. Certain bio- markers were also identified as risk factors of breast cancer and deserving of mention is the kaiso biomarker. Hormonal and reproductive factors such as age, breastfeeding time, family history, and body hormones such as estrogen, and progesterone amongst others were identified as common risk factors of breast cancer in SSA. The poor treat- ment strategies and regimens in breast cancer care in SSA is also associated with breast cancer outcome, leading to an overall impact on the epidemiology of breast cancer in SSA. Evidence-based recommendations were also made to improve breast cancer care in SSA. Recommended techniques to addressing breast cancer care rely on genetic insights primarily aimed at informing a technologically-inclined future progress and research.