Phlebitis Uncovered: An Integrative Review of Contributing Factors

Sareh  Hosseini; Yasaman  Khajeamiri

doi:10.18502/jpc.v13i3.20323

Sareh Hosseini Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
Yasaman Khajeamiri Department of Pharmacovigilance, Ronak Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jpc.v13i3.20323

Keywords: Phlebitis; Intravenous infusion; Thrombophlebitis; Intravenous therapy; Peripheral catheter

Abstract

Background: Phlebitis is a common complication of intravenous therapy, marked by inflammation of the vessel wall and surrounding tissues. Its incidence varies widely, from 6.2% to over 70%, and is influenced by multiple factors. This review aimed to identify factors contributing to phlebitis to improve prevention strategies and patient care in clinical settings.

Methods: We conducted an integrative review of relevant articles, including clinical studies, meta-analyses, and case reports published up to October 2024. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus. Twenty-one studies were selected for analysis and summary.

Results: Based on the reviewed studies, several factors influence phlebitis incidence: patient-related factors, including age (older adults over 40 are generally at increased risk), gender, with inconsistent impact, and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; medication-related factors (drug irritancy, pH, osmolality, and particulate matter); and procedure-related factors (catheter placement and clinical practices)

Conclusion: Phlebitis risk is shaped by patient-, product-, and process-related factors. Understanding how these elements interact is essential for effective prevention and management. Further research will help clinicians develop strategies to reduce complications and improve outcomes.