Comparison of Periodontal Status among Obese, Overweight, and Normal-Weight Diabetic Patients

Seyed Javad  Kia; Meisam  Malekzadeh; Raheb  Ali; Mahsa  Koochaki

doi:10.18502/jimc.v9i2.21175

Seyed Javad Kia Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Meisam Malekzadeh Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Raheb Ali School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Mahsa Koochaki Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i2.21175

Keywords: Body mass index, Waist to hip ratio, Periodontal diseases, Oral health

Abstract

Background: Periodontal disease and diabetes are two prevalent chronic conditions that have shown significant bidirectional relationships. The current study investigated the periodontal indices of diabetic patients, comparing those with normal weight to those with overweight or obesity.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Data of age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) of the patients were recorded. All individuals underwent periodontal examinations and data of Plaque Index (PI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 with a significant level <0.05.

Results: The mean age of participants was 40.5 years and most participants were over 40, with about 50% classified as overweight or obese. Most patients had low (35.4%) to moderate (37.5%) PI levels. The mean BMI was 26.47±4.78 kg/m², and the mean WHR was 0.95±0.11 cm. Obese participants had significantly higher mean BOP, PPD, and CAL compared to those with normal weight (p=0.001). Significant associations were found between BMI and PI levels, with higher PI observed in overweight and obese individuals, and between WHR and PI, of which high WHR correlated with more severe PI levels (p=0.001).

Conclusion: The findings showed that overweight and obese individuals with diabetes had poorer periodontal health, with higher plaque levels and worse PPD and CAL, compared to those with normal weight. Both BMI and WHR were significantly associated with increased plaque accumulation.