The Pathophysiological Insights and Emerging Biomarkers in Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review

Varsha Ratan  Gaikwad; Rabia  Alam; Ambika Nand  Jha

doi:10.18502/jimc.v9i1.20476

Varsha Ratan Gaikwad Sandip School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip University, Nashik, Maharashtra 422213, India
Rabia Alam Sandip School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip University, Nashik, Maharashtra 422213, India
Ambika Nand Jha School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i1.20476

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, Clinical relevance, Dermatology, Genetic markers, Interleukin-17, Metabolic syndrome, Multiomics, Proteomics, Psoriasis

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder affecting 2-3% of the global population. It imposes a substantial burden on patients due to its relapsing nature, lifelong management, and association with systemic comorbidities, including psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. The unpredictable disease course and heterogeneity in treatment response necessitate the identification of reliable biomarkers to enhance clinical decision-making. Biomarkers hold promise in refining diagnosis, assessing disease severity, predicting treatment outcomes, and enabling precision dermatology in psoriasis management. Recent advancements in multiomics research have led to the discovery of potential psoriasis biomarkers, including genetic markers (HLA-C* 06:02), inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α), proteomic and metabolomic signatures, and skin microbiome alterations. These biomarkers correlate with disease activity, therapy responsiveness, and risk of comorbid conditions, thereby facilitating personalized treatment approaches. Despite promising findings, their routine clinical application remains limited due to variability in study methodologies, lack of standardization, and insufficient large-scale validation. The future of biomarker-driven dermatology in psoriasis depends on the integration of molecular profiling, standardized validation protocols, and clinical trials to establish their predictive and prognostic utility. Regulatory approval and widespread clinical adoption require rigorous validation and harmonization of biomarker assessment techniques. Establishing a clinically reliable biomarker panel could revolutionize psoriasis management by enabling targeted therapies, optimizing treatment efficacy, and minimizing adverse effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of psoriasis biomarkers, their clinical relevance, and future directions for their standardization and integration into precision dermatology.