Antibacterial activity of Shallots (Allium xwakegi Araki.) cultivars in Palu Valley against Salmonella Typhi ATCC 27870 through in vitro and in silico evaluation

Sitti  Rahmah Sari; Riuh Wardhani; Faiqah Umar; Dirayah Rauf Husain; Ade Chandra Iwansyah

doi:10.18502/ijm.v16i2.15354

Sitti Rahmah Sari Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Riuh Wardhani Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Faiqah Umar Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Dirayah Rauf Husain Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Ade Chandra Iwansyah Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v16i2.15354

Keywords: Shallots; Antibacterial; Salmonella Typhi; Docking simulation

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Shallots, recognized for their minimal toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and widespread avail- ability, are increasingly considered a viable source of biological activity. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of a specific shallot cultivar from Palu Valley, Indonesia, against Salmonella typhi, the pathogen responsible for typhoid fever.

Materials and Methods: Utilizing thin-layer chromatography (TLC-bioautography) and gas chromatography-mass spec- troscopy (GC-MS), the study identifies active compounds in shallot ethanol extract and employs molecular docking to assess interactions between receptors and ligands.

Results: Findings indicate significant antibacterial activity, with a notable inhibition zone diameter of 31.5 mm at spot Rf 0.28 in TLC bioautography and an optimum concentration of 2% yielding an average clear zone diameter of 28.27 mm in the agar diffusion test. GC-MS analysis reveals 41 compounds, predominantly dodecanoic acid and 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. Ad- ditionally, molecular docking reveals the lowest binding affinity (-7.3 kcal/mol) for Ergost-8-En-3-Ol, 14-Methyl-, (3.Beta,5. Alpha.) against DNA gyrase.

Conclusion: This study confirms Palu Valley shallot extract's potent antibacterial effect against Salmonella typhi, highlight- ing its therapeutic potential.