Future Immunologic and Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive cartilage destruction, and irreversible joint damage. Although conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, and targeted synthetic therapies such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have substantially improved disease outcomes, a significant proportion of patients fail to achieve sustained remission or develop treatment-related adverse effects (1). These limitations underscore the need for innovative therapeutic strategies that offer greater specificity, reduced systemic toxicity, and long-term immune regulation