The Journal of Tolooebehdasht

The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Parental Emotional Safety and the Quality of Life of Hearing-Impaired Adolescents

Razieh Etesamipour — 2025-09-17

Introduction: Deafness is a common global problem that seriously threatens the quality of life of the person with the disorder. The present study was conducted with the aim of mediating the role of self- esteem in the relationship between parents' emotional safety and the quality of life of hearing-impaired teenagers.

Method: The present study is descriptive-correlational and path analysis type. The statistical population included all hearing-impaired students studying in the first secondary school of Tehran in the academic year 1402, from which, according to the theory of Hu and Bentler, the minimum required sample size was 210, which was determined by considering the probability of sample dropout to be 250. Using the cluster random sampling method, after excluding incomplete data, 217 students (124 boys and 93 girls) were selected as a valid sample for the final analysis and answered the emotional safety questionnaires of Bruner et al. (2008), Eysenck's self-esteem (1972), and the 26-item quality of life questionnaire of the World Health Organization (2004). Data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS 26 and Smart-PLS 3.

Results: Parents' emotional safety had a positive and significant direct effect on the quality of life and self-esteem of hearing-impaired adolescents (p<0/01). Self-esteem had a positive and significant direct effect on the quality of life of hearing-impaired adolescents in junior high school (p<0/01). Also, the indirect effect of self-esteem on the quality of life of hearing-impaired adolescents through parents' emotional safety was positive and significant (p<0/01).

Conclusion: Considering that the results of the current research are about the effect of parents' emotional safety on the quality of life of deaf teenagers, improving the psychological atmosphere of the family in improving the mental health of deaf children can lead to reducing the psychological problems of this group of teenagers.

Comparison of Moral Intelligence, Depression, and Attachment Styles in Adolescents with and without Social Anxiety Disorder

Robabeh Rostami Janaghard — 2025-09-17

Introduction: Psychological disorders during adolescence can significantly affect emotional, social, and academic development. One of the most common of these disorders is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), which may lead to difficulties in interpersonal relationships and a reduced quality of life in adolescents. The present study aimed to compare moral intelligence, depression, and attachment styles between adolescents with and without SAD.

Methods: This study employed a descriptive causal-comparative design. The statistical population comprised high school students from districts 2 and 6 of Tehran Province during the 2024 academic year. A convenience sample of 240 adolescents (120 diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and 120 without the disorder) was selected based on their scores on the Social Anxiety Inventory; participants scoring one standard deviation above the mean (score ≥ 33) were classified as having social anxiety disorder, while those with lower scores were categorized as non-anxious. Participants completed the Social Anxiety Inventory, Moral Intelligence Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Adult Attachment Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and ANOVA via SPSS version 27.

Results: The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding moral intelligence, depression, and attachment styles (P<0/001). Adolescents with SAD exhibited lower levels of moral intelligence and secure attachment, as well as higher levels of depression, avoidant attachment, and ambivalent attachment compared to their non-SAD peers.

Conclusion: Adolescents with social anxiety disorder have lower moral intelligence and weaker secure attachment and suffer more from depression and maladaptive attachment styles (avoidant and ambivalent). These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions to strengthen emotional-social skills and reduce depressive symptoms in this group and emphasize the critical role of families and schools in promoting adolescent mental health.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Training on Test Anxiety and Social Media Addiction among Students

Zobair Samimi — 2025-09-17

Introduction: Test anxiety and social media addiction are among the major psychological factors that negatively affect students’ academic performance. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training on test anxiety and social media addiction among high school students.

Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all female students in junior high school in Chabahar during the 2024–2025 academic year. A total of 30 participants were selected using purposive and then random sampling methods and were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Following the pretest, the experimental group received cognitive-behavioral training over eight 60-minute sessions (two sessions per week). Data collection instruments included the Spielberger Test Anxiety Inventory (1980) and the Social Media Addiction Questionnaire developed by Khaje Ahmadi et al. (2017). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and independent and paired t-tests in SPSS version 27.

Results: The results showed that in the post-test stage, the subjects in the experimental group had less test anxiety (worry and emotionality) and less addiction to social media compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Conclusion: According to the findings, cognitive-behavioral training had a positive impact on reducing test anxiety and social media addiction among students. This approach can be considered an effective intervention for improving academic-related psychological challenges in adolescents.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy and Transdiagnostic Therapy on the Agreeableness of Women with Emotional Divorce

Arezoo Omidpour — 2025-09-17

Introduction Emotional divorce is a type of separation in which a husband and wife live together under the same roof, but there is no love or affection between them. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and transdiagnostic therapy on the acceptability of women with emotional divorce.

Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a 3-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of 110 women with emotional divorce who referred to psychological counseling centers in Rasht in 2023, from which a sample of 45 people was selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups. Gottman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (2008) and Costa and McCrae's Agreeableness Questionnaire (1992) were used to collect data. Greenberg and Johnson's (1988) emotion-focused therapy protocol was implemented for one group and Barlow et al.'s (2011) transdiagnostic therapy protocol was implemented for the other experimental group. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Results The results showed that emotion-focused (P˂0/001 and Eta=0/899) and transdiagnostic (P˂0/001 and Eta=0/906) treatments were effective on the agreeableness of women with emotional divorce. On the other hand, transdiagnostic treatment had a greater effect on the agreeableness of women with emotional divorce than emotion-focused treatment (P˂0/001). The persistence of these results was maintained until the follow-up stage.

Conclusion: Based on the aforementioned findings, it can be concluded that the use of emotion-focused and transdiagnostic treatment content and guidelines is useful in increasing the acceptability of women with emotional divorce.

The Relationship between Health Literacy and Patient Satisfaction among Cardiac Patients with Staff: A Case Study at the Educational Hospital in Yazd

Seyed Masood Mousavi — 2025-09-17

Introduction: Health literacy includes the ability of an individual to understand and evaluate health information in order to make the right decisions about improving their quality of life. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between health literacy and satisfaction of heart patients with staff.

Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted cross-sectionally in 1403 on 131 cardiac patients at Afshar Hospital in Yazd. Data were collected using standard Iranian health literacy questionnaires (HELIA) and patient satisfaction questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 27 software.

Results: The mean patient satisfaction score was 79/96 ± 17/2 and the mean health literacy score was 61/18 ± 20/96, indicating insufficient health literacy. Among the health literacy dimensions, the highest mean score was related to the decision-making and use of health information dimension and the lowest score was related to the reading skills dimension. Among the patient satisfaction dimensions, the highest mean score was related to the medical staff dimension and the lowest score was related to the nursing staff dimension. Also, no significant relationship was observed between health literacy and patient satisfaction.

Conclusion: Although the overall relationship between health literacy and patient satisfaction was not significant, their different dimensions independently had coherent structures and were related to each other; in such a way that improving one dimension can lead to improving other dimensions. It is also recommended to hold workshops, produce simple and understandable educational content, and strengthen effective communication with patients in order to improve patient health literacy.

The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Intervention on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Female Students with Suicidal Thoughts

Mahbobeh Parvardeh — 2025-09-17

Introduction:Investigating suicide and evaluating intervention programs is essential for designing preventive strategies. Cognitive emotion regulation is an effective factor in reducing suicidal thoughts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion intervention on cognitive emotion regulation in female students with suicidal thoughts.

Methods:The present study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with a control group. The statistical population included all female students in the second year of high school in Khorramabad in the academic year 2024-2025. According to the type of research, the sample size was 15 people in each group, and 30 people were selected using a multi-stage random cluster method and were placed in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tools in this study were the Beck et al. Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (1979) and the Garnevsky and Kraij Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2006). The intervention was self-compassion (Paul Gilbert, 2000), which was implemented for 8 90-minute sessions, once a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data from the study were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-25 software.

Results:The results showed a significant increase in the average components of cognitive emotion regulation in the experimental and control groups (p<0/001). Self-compassion intervention has reduced the use of maladaptive strategies and increased the use of adaptive strategies among subjects. (p<0/001).

Conclusion: Self-compassion intervention can be an effective intervention method for cognitive emotion regulation in students with suicidal thoughts.

Investigating the inflammatory content of the diet of gastric cancer patients referred to Mazandaran Comprehensive Cancer Center, a case-control study

Mina Motavali — 2025-09-17

Introduction: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran and worldwide, and the role of dietary factors in its incidence and progression has attracted researchers' attention. The inflammatory potential of the diet has been introduced as a risk factor in the development of certain malignancies. The present study aimed to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet in gastric cancer patients and compare it with a control group.

Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2022 on 80 pathologically confirmed gastric cancer patients referred to the Imam Khomeini Cancer Center, Sari, and 79 controls who were healthy volunteers without gastrointestinal symptoms or a previous history of cancer. The PERISAN cohort food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to record the frequency and types of consumed foods. Data collection and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS version 21. Statistical tests including the T-test and Chi-square test were applied with a significance level of P< 0/05.

Results: The consumption of red meat (P=0/054), organ meat (P=0/013), and tomato products (P=0/000) were higher in the control group. In the category of anti-inflammatory foods, yellow leafy vegetables were consumed significantly more by the control group (P=0/003).

Conclusion: The study results showed no significant association between red meat consumption and the risk of gastric cancer; however, higher vegetable intake may have a protective role. These findings highlight the importance of increasing vegetable consumption for gastric cancer prevention. Due to methodological limitations, prospective studies are necessary to confirm these results.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Improving Health-Related Quality of Life in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Alireza Babaei Mazreno — 2025-09-17

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that significantly affects the quality of life of affected individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on improving health-related quality of life in women with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test/post-test design with a control group. Thirty women aged 40 to 50 with type 2 diabetes, who had at least three years of membership in the Diabetes Center of Yazd Province, were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). Both groups completed the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire before the intervention. The experimental group then participated in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each lasting 50 minutes. At the end of the intervention, both groups completed the questionnaire again. Ultimately, the data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26) software.

Results:The mean and standard deviation of the quality of life score in the pre-test and post-test stages in the control group were 54/44 and 54/49, respectively, while in the training group they were 45/41 and 71/39, respectively. Therefore, there was a significant difference between the quality of life in the training and control groups.

Conclusion: The results showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly improved quality of life in all dimensions (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, role limitations due to emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional health, social functioning, pain, and general health).