Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences

The Necessity of Registering Human Clinical Trial Studies in the Clinical Trial Registration System

2025-12-28T11:47:19+00:00

Abstract: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for human experimental studies. Publication Bias is one of the most important biases in RCTs that researchers have a desire to publish studies that have positive results so studies with positive findings are most likely to be published than studies with negative findings so for control of publication bias WHO oblige the researchers to submit the details of their human RCTs researches at any one of the primary registries in the WHO registry network or an ICMJE approved registry before recruitment of the first subject. Human RCTs in Iran should be registered in IRCT (http://www.irct.ir) before recruitment of the first subject and ethical code and IRCT code are necessary for publication of RCTs.

Flipped Classroom in Adult and Elderly Nursing: Using Concept Mapping and Question Analysis to Enhance Student Engagement

2025-12-28T11:47:46+00:00

Introduction: In recent years, active and student-centered teaching methods, like the flipped classroom, have become more significant in nursing education, particularly in "adult and elderly nursing" courses. This approach engages students as active learners and enhances the application of theoretical knowledge in clinical practice. This article reports a two-year implementation of the flipped classroom with concept mapping and question analysis among fourth-semester nursing students, highlighting its effects on engagement, conceptual understanding, and learner satisfaction.

Role of Antioxidants in Regulating Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Functional Impacts

2025-12-28T11:48:17+00:00

Introduction: Exercise prompts oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering complex physiological mechanisms that play a dual role in both athletic adaptation and cellular damage. This study examined the paradoxical nature of ROS (beneficial signaling vs. harmful effects) and controversies surrounding antioxidant supplementation's impact on athletic performance. Our goals were to analyze the mechanism of antioxidant-ROS interactions and mechanisms and develop personalized antioxidant strategies based on individual characteristics and training regimens.

Methods: This systematic review searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO (2022-2025). We included review articles, experimental studies, and observational studies related to antioxidants, oxidative stress, and physical activity. Exclusions comprised studies without full-text access, irrelevant to biological mechanisms/functional outcomes, or that involved participants with underlying medical conditions.

Results: Analysis of 15 qualifying studies (out of 142 initially identified) revealed that moderate-intensity exercise enhanced antioxidant defenses via Nrf2 pathway activation, while balanced ROS/RNS levels facilitated muscular adaptation. Although antioxidant supplements (like vitamins C/E, polyphenols, coenzyme Q10) supported recovery, excessive intake could impair training adaptation.

Conclusion: Maintaining ROS-antioxidant equilibrium is crucial for athletic performance and well-being. Moderate exercise optimizes antioxidant defenses, whereas intense training may disrupt this balance. Targeted supplementation and polyphenol-rich diets can enhance recovery, but excessive intake might hinder training adaptations. Future research need to determine optimal dosing protocols and investigate long-term effects.

Study of the Stereological and Biochemical Effects of L-Carnitine on Testicular Tissue after Toxicity Induction by Silver Nanoparticles in Mice

2025-12-28T11:48:40+00:00

Introduction: This study aimed to examine how L-carnitine's antioxidant properties could counteract the oxidative stress caused by silver nanoparticles, specifically looking at their harmful effects on rat testicular tissue.

Methods: In this experimental study involved 24 adult male NMRI mice that weighed 32±2 grams each. They were divided into 4 groups of 6 mice in each group. The groups were as followed: a control group, silver nanoparticles group (500 mg/body weight/day), L-carnitine group (100 mg/kg body weight/day), and silver nanoparticles and L-carnitine treatment group. Following 35 days of treatment administered via gavage, the mice were dissected, serum and sperm samples were prepared. Body and testicular weight, motility, sperm count, sperm viability and morphology, testosterone levels, and total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde levels were evaluated. Histopathological examination of the testicles was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and Sertoli cells was also reported. Finally, the significance level was considered p<0.05 and analyzed using one-way SPSS-ANoVA and Tukey statistical tests.

Results: Silver nanoparticles had no effect on the weight of the mice and exhibited no significant change (p>0.05). The L-carnitine-treated group showed a notable decrease in weight compared to the control group (p<0.05). Sperm parameters in the silver nanoparticles group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0.05). The total testicular volume and seminiferous tubule volume did not show significant differences in the experimental groups (p>0.05). The volume of interstitial tissue in the silver nanoparticles group significantly increased compared to the control group, while a significant decrease was observed in the silver nanoparticles and L-carnitine simultaneous treatment group compared to the silver nanoparticles group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: L-carnitine, as a natural antioxidant, prevented damage to the male reproductive system and testicular tissue induced by silver nanoparticles by reducing oxidative stress.

Assessment of Knowledge among Yazd Undergraduate Dental Students regarding the Laboratory Stages of Processing Complete Dentures in 2021

2025-12-28T11:49:31+00:00

Introduction: Edentulism is a prevalent problem among the elderly. One of the common treatments for this issue is the use of complete dentures. The dentist must have complete mastery over all the laboratory steps of denture processing. The present study aimed to determine the level of knowledge among Yazd undergraduate dental students regarding the laboratory stages of processing complete dentures in 2021.

Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study evaluated, dental students’ understanding of the laboratory stages involved in processing complete dentures using a valid and reliable questionnaire including: basic information (gender, entry quota, academic semester, and grade point average), 29 questions to assess knowledge, and one question regarding students' opinions about the effectiveness of the educational curriculum content. Subsequently, the collected data were entered into SPSS 16 statistical software and analyzed using the t-test and One-way ANOVA test.

Results: A total of 143 students (42% male and 58% female) participated in this study. The average score of students' knowledge was 12.99±2.79 out of a total of 29 scores (44.8%). A statistically significant difference was observed in the average score of students' knowledge according to the entry quota (P = 0.022), while no significant difference was noted according to gender (P = 0.524), academic semester (P = 0.306), and grade point average (P = 0.254).

Conclusion: Dental students' knowledge of laboratory stages involved in processing complete dentures was considered below average. A significant association was identified between knowledge level and entry quota, yet no notable correlation was observed between knowledge and gender, academic semester, or grade point average.

12 Weeks of Endurance and Resistance Exercise on Acetylcholine Levels and Pain Threshold of Male Alzheimer Rat

2025-12-28T11:49:56+00:00

Introduction: Alzheimer's is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive disorders, and behavioral changes. Exercise can be an important approach to enhance Alzheimer's complications, although its physiological mechanisms remain largely unclear. The aim of this study was to compare twelve weeks of endurance and resistance exercise on acetylcholine levels and pain thresholds in male Alzheimer’s mice.

Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar Rat heads were randomly divided into 4 groups for Alzheimer's induction, with 8 mg of trimethyltin chloride administered via injection into the peritoneum for each kilogram of weight of the mouse. Endurance training involved swimming in water. Resistance training was performed by having the mice climb while weights attached to their tails from the ladder. Following 12 weeks of training, acetylcholine levels and pain thresholds were assessed. The one-way ANOVA test and the Tukey’s tracking test were employed to analyze the data at the meaningful level P≤0/05 using the SPSS16 software.

Results: Findings indicated that following the intervention period, acetylcholine levels in the endurance training group were significantly higher than in the resistance training group (P=0/02) , the Alzheimer's control group (P=0/02) and the healthy control group (P=0/05). The pain threshold was significant in the endurance training group compared to the Alzheimer's control group (P=0/05) and the healthy control group (P=0/05), as well as the resistance training group (P=0/06).

Conclusion: It was observed that in both endurance and resistance training, acetylcholine levels and pain thresholds increase in male Alzheimer's rats, although improvement and effectiveness are more evident in the endurance training program.

Effect of Eight Weeks of Resistance Training and Testosterone Enanthate Consumption on Antioxidant Balance in the Kidney Tissue of Female Wistar Rats

2025-12-28T11:50:39+00:00

Introduction: Testosterone enanthate is an anabolic–androgenic steroid that promotes muscle growth and improves athletic performance, but its misuse is associated with irreversible complications. Improper use of anabolic steroids can lead to tissue injury, particularly in kidney tissue. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and testosterone enanthate consumption on antioxidant balance in the kidney tissue of female Wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 24 female Wistar rats aged 8 weeks and weighing 208.22 ± 14.17 grams were obtained from the Pasteur Institute (Iran). The rats were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) control, (2) resistance training + placebo, and (3) resistance training + testosterone enanthate (n = 8 per group). The study lasted eight weeks and included resistance training five days per week. In the resistance training + testosterone enanthate group, rats received intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight three days per week. Activity levels of kidney tissue antioxidant enzymes were measured using spectrophotometry method. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 16 using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results: Resistance training + testosterone enanthate significantly increased MDA levels compared with the resistance training + placebo (P < 0.0001) and control (P < 0.0001) groups. SOD activity in the resistance training + testosterone enanthate group was significantly lower than in the resistance training + placebo (P < 0.0001) and control (P < 0.0001) groups. Likewise, GPX activity was significantly reduced in the resistance training + testosterone enanthate group compared with the resistance training + placebo (P < 0.0001) and control (P < 0.0001) groups. No significant differences were observed between the resistance training + placebo and control groups for GPX, SOD, and MDA (P > 0.999).

Conclusion: It appears that resistance training combined with testosterone enanthate consumption abuse may cause a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and an increase in oxidative stress in kidney tissue.

Analysis of the Regime-Dependent Effects of Macroeconomic Variables on Household Health and Medical Expenditures in Iran

2025-12-28T11:51:04+00:00

Introduction: Macroeconomic variables have significant effects on health components. And household health and medical expenses (HME), as one of the most important indicators of social welfare and community health, are always affected by the levels and trends of macroeconomic variables. In this study, the impact of some macroeconomic variables on the ratio of household HME has been examined with respect to different levels of economic growth and inflation levels.

Methods: In this study, data from 31 provinces has been collected from 2011 to 2021, and the effect of macroeconomic variables on the household HME ratio has been examined concerning different economic growth rates and inflation levels through a regime-dependent approach using observed provincial data from a balanced panel.

Results: The results of the threshold model estimation indicated that the effect of economic growth on the household HME ratio was significantly negative in the low growth regime and negatively insignificant in the high growth regime. furthermore, an increase in the Gini coefficient alongside an increase in income inequality increased the level of household HME, and provinces with higher levels of inequality also had higher HME. The effect of inflation on the household HME ratio was a regime-dependent effect; in provinces experiencing low inflation, the effect of inflation on the household HME ratio was negative and insignificant.

Conclusion: Provinces exhibiting elevated Gini coefficients require more attention in health and treatment to maintain household welfare levels in these areas. Additionally, provinces experiencing an economic growth rate below the estimated threshold level, as well as those with an inflation rate exceeding the estimated threshold level, require more budget support to sustain the level of household health and treatment. This, in turn, is essential for preserving the level of social welfare, and the country's health and treatment budget allocation policies need to be reviewed in light of these points.