Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health

We Will Never be Safe from Cigarette Smoke: The Danger of Third Hand Smoke

Zohreh Karimiankakolaki — Sun, 19 Nov 2023 10:09:33 +0000

The Article Abstract is not available.

Relationship between Strategic Knowledge Management and Self-Management and Organizational

Neda Kouravand, Monika Motaghi — Sun, 19 Nov 2023 10:11:06 +0000

Background: Strategic knowledge management is widely recognized as a pivotal resource for the success of contemporary organizations. Self-management skills of managers are instrumental in fostering an organization’s growth and sustainability in the long run. The present study explores the relationship between strategic knowledge management and self-management and organizational development among managers in Social Security (Tamin-e Ejtemaei) Hospitals in the city of Isfahan.

Methods: This was a practical, descriptive, and survey-based research with a correlational design, classified as field study. This study was conducted in 2022 on 117 managers of Tamin-e Ejtemae’i hospitals (Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital and Dr. Gharazi Hospital) in the city of Isfahan. Strategic knowledge management was measured using Lopez-Nicholas and Mariano-Cardenas questionnaire, self-management was evaluated through SMSQ questionnaire devised by Houghton and Neck, and organizational development was assessed using the Lok and Crawford questionnaire. The collected data underwent analysis using SPSS 26 software and the statistical methods applied Spearman’s rank correlation test, Tukey’s test and significance level was set at 0.05.

Results: A significant correlation was observed between strategic knowledge management and self-management (P-value = 0.027), strategic knowledge management and organizational development (P-value = 0.000), and between organizational development and self-management (P-value = 0.000). Regarding organizational development, the highest average score was associated with relationships (a score of 20.5172); for strategic knowledge management, explicit knowledge received the highest average score (a score of 21.2632), and concerning self-management, personal goal setting obtained the highest average score (a score of 20.1810).

Conclusion: Investing in strategic knowledge management, focusing on intellectual capacities, and increasing managers’ self-management improves performance and organizational development in hospitals.

Prevalence of Personality Disorders among Males and Females between the Ages of 15 and 65 in Yazd in 2017

Sun, 19 Nov 2023 10:48:46 +0000

Background: Personality disorder is a type of mental disorder in which a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning, and behaving may be seen. A person with a personality disorder has trouble perceiving and relating to situations and people. Limited research has been done on the prevalence of personality disorders in Iran. This study aims at investigating the prevalence of personality disorders among males and females between the ages 15 and 65 in Yazd, Iran.

Methods: The dataset for this cross-sectional study was extracted from a dataset of a national survey conducted on personality disorders of Iranians. The contents relevant to Yazd City were included here with a sample of 1827 people. Among the participants, 852 males and 975 females answered the personality disorders questionnaire (MILON).

Results: Findings indicated that except histrionic and narcissistic patterns, the high rate of the rest of patterns was greater among females, which indicated that in most cases females significantly suffered higher clinical-related personality disorders. Moreover, personality disorders were more prevalent among females (29.8) compared to males (24.3).

Conclusion: This area requires extensive investigation. More evidence is needed regarding the differential impact of personality disorders regarding men and women in other areas of Iran.

Relationship between Glass Ceiling and Job Promotion in Women Employees of Health Centers

Yousef Heidary, Azam Alavi — Sun, 19 Nov 2023 10:50:17 +0000

Background: Glass ceiling is introduced as an obstacle to the progress of competent individuals, especially women within organizations. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the glass ceiling and job promotion of in Women Employees of Health Centers.

Methods: This was a correlation-descriptive study. 142 female employees working in the health centers of Shahrekord were studied through census. Data were collected using two Smith Glass Ceiling Questionnaires and a job promotion questionnaire in Chow organizations. Data analysis was performed with descriptive and inferential statistics tests (Pearson correlation) using SPSS software Ver.24.

Results: Pearson correlation test results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between the mean score of the glass ceiling and the job promotion of women working in health centers (r = 0.73and p < 0.001).

Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, glass ceiling can prevent women's progress in health centers. Therefore, it is suggested that the Ministry of Health and health centers officials emphasize the meritocratic system and ask for support from the women who have shown the necessary capabilities in managerial positions.

The Relationship between Trauma and Socioeconomic Status in People Over 15 in Kashan, Iran: A Population-Based Study

Esmaeil Fakharian, Zahra Sehat, Mojtaba Sehat, Abdollah Omidi — Sun, 19 Nov 2023 10:55:22 +0000

Background: Today, global attention has been directed towards differences in the health of different Socioeconomy of society (SES) groups. Trauma is one of the categories where SES determinants are not well understood, especially in developing countries. This study aims to determine the annual incidence of traumabased on SES in people over 15 years old in Kashan.

Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional studyusing a household survey .Data were collected through stratified-cluster sampling during 2018- 2019 for over 15-year in Kashan. The researchers conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate trauma during and the past year rgarding SES of individuals using Principal Components Analysis (PCA).

Results: The incidence of trauma was 70.6 (62. 6-78. 7) in 1000 annually, the risk of trauma in low SES was 1.06 (0.82-1.38), in moderate SES , 0.87
(0.69-1.10), and in high SES, it was 1.13 (0.84-1.52). Among different SES groups, mechanisms of injury were different (P-value = 0.09); also, the annual incidence of trauma in different SES groups was different based on the place of trauma (P-value = 0.02), the number of injuries (P-value = 0.00), treatment (P-value = 0.02), and the time to return to work (P-value = 0.00).

Conclusions: Annual incidence of trauma in different SES groups was different based on the place of trauma, the number of injuries, treatment, and time to return to work. The relationship between SES status and incidence of trauma is important to provide preventive services

The Effect of Awareness of Halal Cosmetics’ Health on Consumers' Willingness for Purchase

Malihe Siyavooshi, Tayebeh Abbasnejad, Zahra Mirsoleymani — Sun, 19 Nov 2023 11:12:49 +0000

Background: International statistics have shown Muslims’ increased awareness of halal cosmetics has increased the volume of halal cosmetics business. According to Iran's laws, imported or domestically manufactured cosmetics are evaluated in terms of being halal, but it seems that consumers are unaware of this issue. The purpose of this research is to measure consumers’ awareness of halal cosmetics and its effect on willingness to buy these cosmetics.

Methods: This study was conducted on 123 cosmetic consumers through pretest-posttest method. First, consumers' awareness and willingness to buy halal cosmetics and the criteria affecting cosmetics purchasing were measured. Then, a brochure containing information about halal cosmetics and the requirements of Iran's law regarding the import and production of cosmetics was provided to the participants. After a week, the same variables were measured again. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 26 software.

Results: On a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very little to 5 = very much), the average consumers' awareness of halal cosmetics and willingness to buy them were 3 and 3.04, respectively (P-value < 0.05). After the distribution of brochures, the average awareness of halal cosmetics and willingness to buy these products increased to 4.1 and 4.12. Moreover, among the criteria (price, brand, having a halal certificate, country of origin, customs clearance, and buying from reputable stores) for deciding to buy cosmetics in the pretest stage, customs clearance and having a halal certificate, respectively obtained importance level of 4 and 5, but in the posttest stage, they obtained the level of 1 and 2.

Conclusion: Informing consumers about the health of halal cosmetics and the country’s laws regarding the import and production of these products can increase the buyers' sensitivity towards the cosmetics’ halal nature and willingness to buy the halal ones. This can reduce the chance of buying smuggled products and those produced outside official controls.

A Qualitative Study of Risk Factors of Substance Abuse among Women

Fariba Kiani, Mosa Amiryan Farsani — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:06:26 +0000

Background: The rate of substance abuse by women is growing over last several decades. However, most addiction studies have been conducted on men with a quantitative approach.

Methods: The present study examined the risk factors of addiction among women through qualitative research. This research was a content analysis. Sampling was done in a targeted manner from addicted women referred to substance abuse treatment centers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 2022. The research tool was an in-depth interview. The research data were analyzed by open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.

Results: The research findings showed that the main categories are individual factors, family factors, socio-cultural factors and economic factors were effective in the incidence of substance abuse among women. In terms of priority, individual factors (41%), family factors (29%), socio-cultural factors (21%) and economic factors (9%) were effective in the incidence of substance addiction among women.

Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that individual, family, socio-cultural and economic factors play a significant role in women's tendency to substance abuse. This requires providing training and solutions about these factors.

Feasibility Study on Providing Bibliotherapy Services in Addiction Treatment Camps Affiliated with State Welfare Organization in Tehran Province

Leila Nemati-Anaraki , Nasibeh Shahkhah, Masoud Roudbari, Farzaneh Sardari — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:08:45 +0000

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of providing bibliotherapy services in addiction treatment camps affiliated with State Welfare Organization (SWO) in Tehran province. The research concerns information resources and manpower, financial resources and technical infrastructure as well as expressing the shortcomings and barriers of this method.

Methods: The present study was conducted through a descriptive-survey method with an applied purpose in 2020. A questionnaire was developed by the researcher and validated with the help of experts. In order to assess the reliability of the questions, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which was calculated at 0.925. Sampling was performed using Cochran's formula. The sample size included 66 officials in 66 addiction treatment camps. SPSS software version 22 was used for data analysis

Results: The possibility of providing bibliotherapy services in terms of specialized and committed manpower in the field of bibliotherapy in addiction treatment camps was desirable. These centers were not in a good financial position. There was also the possibility of providing bibliotherapy services in terms of the technical infrastructure and manpower. The most effective methods of implementing bibliotherapy in addiction treatment camps were creative and group methods. Lack of budget and trained staff, staff reluctance to provide bibliotherapy services and lack of support from SWO were obstacles which have hindered the provision of bibliotherapy services in addiction treatment camps in Tehran province.

Conclusion: The benefits of providing bibliotherapy services in addiction treatment camps include increasing the client's psychological well-being, improving physical condition, preventing the client from returning to drug use, and to some extent, reducing the time of quitting drugs. Assessing and eliminating the shortcomings and barriers of bibliotherapy can play effective roles in the implementation of bibliotherapy.

Modeling the Structural Relationships of Attachment Styles with Readiness for Addiction

Mahnaz Elahinejad, Hossein Ebrahimi Moghadam — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:11:16 +0000

Background: This research was conducted with the aim of modeling the structural relationships of attachment styles with readiness for addiction with mediating variables of strategies to cope with stress and cognitive regulation of emotion in recovering addicts.

Methods: This analytical-cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 rehabilitated addicts (18 to 55 years old) selected from 4 addiction treatment centers in Amol city in 2022 using stratified random sampling. The tools used in this research were questionnaires of attachment styles, readiness for addiction, strategies to deal with stress, and cognitive regulation of emotion. Data analysis was done based on structural equation modeling in Amos 22 software.

Results: Attachment styles affected readiness for addiction with mediating variables of stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion in recovering addicts (P = 0.006, P = 0.0001). Attachment styles had a direct relationship with stress coping strategies in recovering addicts (P = 0.000). Attachment styles had a direct relationship with the cognitive regulation of emotion in recovering addicts (P = 0.0001). Cognitive regulation of excitement had a direct relationship with readiness for addiction in recovering addicts (P = 0.0001). Stress coping strategies had a direct relationship with readiness for addiction in rehabilitated addicts (P = 0.025).

Conclusion: Considering the predictive power of the variables, the results can be used in the interventions and trainings in addiction treatment clinics.

A Phenomenological Study of Health Requirements regarding School Activity in Post-Corona Period

Hamid Chekaveh, Mohsen Shakeri, Hossain Hassani — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:13:58 +0000

Background: In Iran, from the academic year 2021-2022, it was decided to reopen all schools. It is of great importance that the activities of schools be accompanied by principles, solutions, and requirements; so, concerns about students and school staff contracting this disease will be reduced. The present investigates the experiences of elementary school principals in Roodan city, in Hormozgan Province, Iran, about health requirements of school activity during post-corona era.

Methods: This was a qualitative and phenomenological study. Data were analyzed by Smith's method after theoretical saturation of data obtained from an in-depth semi-structured interview. The interview contained 12 principals of elementary schools in Roodan city in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were selected through purposive sampling.

Results: The experiences of elementary school principals about school activities were obtained in the form of 3 main themes including executive measures (provision of disinfectants, improvement of school infrastructure, absence of sick students and teachers in school, safe distance, creating a happy and safe environment for students to attend, and seeking support from benefactors and parents counseling sessions), educational and promotion-interventional measures (holding classes and remedial measures, teaching health issues to students, informing parents, environmental and virtual information, and counseling sessions), and supervisory measures (supervision of students, teachers, principals, and assistants of the school).

Conclusions: The results of examining the experiences of elementary school principals about reopening of schools in the post-corona period showed that there is a need for many facilities and measures. Moreover, capable principals face various challenges and need to work with organizations, officials, students, and families.

Investigating the Relationship between Cultural Capital and the Tendency for Cosmetic Surgery

Monika Motaghi, Mohammad Parsayi Moghaddam — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:16:06 +0000

Background: Cultural capital is a special type of high society values and norms. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and the tendency for plastic surgery in women living in self-governing hostels in Tehran in 2023.

Methods: The current study was cross-sectional and correlational. The population of the current research included all the women living in self-governing hostels in Tehran in 2023. The sample of the current research was determined based on similar studies on 325 people selected based on stratified sampling and available samples from the hostels of 5 geographical regions of Tehran. The research tool consisted of 2 questionnaires: Bourdieu's cultural questionnaire and Etamadi Far's cosmetic surgery tendency questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-15

Results: 214 of the respondents had cosmetic surgery and 111 did not. Between cultural capital and the tendency to perform cosmetic surgery in women living in self-governing hostels, r = -0.652 was obtained. The tendency of women living in self-governing hostels towards cosmetic surgery was calculated to be 93.14 ± 11.2, which was relatively high. The average cultural capital was 44.45 ± 6.45 (medium) in the surgical group and 77.15 ± 11.34 (high) in non-surgical group.

Conclusion: It is necessary to promote cultural capital in intervention programs to adjust and correct the desire and pathological behavior of women towards cosmetic surgery.

Comparison of Family Awareness, Emotional Climate, and Emotional Divorce among Married Men and Women

Atefeh Ahmadi Sanori , Mohammad Hossein Sorbi, Sima Abdi Kazaj, Nahid Ardian — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:18:20 +0000

Background: This research was conducted with the aim of comparing family awareness, emotional climate, and emotional divorce among married men and women in Yazd.

Methods: The study was of an analytical type and was conducted cross-sectional, with the participation of 250 married men and women who had sought counseling services in Yazd due to family problems. The sampling method in this research was purposive. Data were collected using a demographic form, the Family Awareness Scale (FAS), the Emotional Climate Scale for Couples (ECSC), and the Emotional Divorce Scale (EDS). The data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software.

Results: Pearson correlation coefficients showed a significant negative relationship between family awareness and emotional climate (r = -0.71) and emotional divorce (r = -0.70), and a significant positive relationship between emotional climate and emotional divorce (r = 0.86, p < 0.01). Independent t-test showed that women had lower family awareness than men. Furthermore, women scored higher on emotional climate and emotional divorce compared to men, and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: The results indicate that women have lower family awareness than men, which, in addition to creating a tension-inducing emotional climate, increases the likelihood of emotional divorce. Therefore, it is recommended for couple’s therapists to develop practical programs to enhance family awareness skills as an effective step in reducing emotional divorce and increasing emotional climate between spouses.

Development of an Emotional Divorce Model in Women Using Happiness, Religious Attitude, and Marital Satisfaction

Samaneh Shakeri, Gholam Reza Moarefi, Samaneh Farahani, Zahra Khaksari — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:20:28 +0000

Background: This study aimed to elucidate a model of emotional divorce in Iranian Muslim women, based on factors such as happiness, religious attitude, and marital satisfaction.

Methods: This research employed an applied approach with a descriptive-correlational design. The research sample comprised 337 married Muslim women of Yazd in 2021, selected using convenience sampling. In the model developed, the variables included happiness and religious attitude (exogenous variables), marital satisfaction (endogenous mediator variable), and emotional divorce (endogenous variable). Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (GEDQ), the Religion Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ), and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 and LISREL-8.80 software. The Sobel test was also utilized to explore the mediating role of marital satisfaction.

Results: The findings revealed that happiness has a direct and significant impact on marital satisfaction. Happiness, religious attitude, and marital satisfaction all exhibited significant and direct effects on emotional divorce
(p < 0.05). Additionally, happiness, through its influence on marital satisfaction, was found to affect the emotional divorce of women.

Conclusion: It can be inferred that higher levels of happiness in women are associated with increased marital satisfaction. Moreover, greater happiness and marital satisfaction in women correspond to a reduced likelihood of experiencing emotional divorce in the future.

The Relationship between Organizational Happiness and Job Motivation with Turnover Intention of Health Centers Staff

Ali Sadeghi, Azam Alavi — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 05:22:01 +0000

Background: Understanding the factors affecting turnover intention as one of the challenges of health care organizations is vital to retain employees. This study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational happiness and job motivation with turnover intention of health centers staff.

Methods: This descriptive-analytical correlational study was conducted on 148 employees of health centers according to Cochran formula by convenience sampling method in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in the first half of 2020. Data were collected using three standard questionnaires including organizational happiness, Herzberg's job motivation questionnaire (1959), and turnover intention. Statistical analyses were done by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS v.24.

Results: There was a significant relationship between the mean score of organizational happiness and job motivation with turnover intention (P < 0.001). A significant relationship was also found between the mean score of employees' organizational happiness and turnover intention (r = 0.506 ،p > 0.001). The results showed a significant relationship between the mean score of employees' job motivation with turnover intention (r = 0.506 ، p > 0.001).

Conclusion: Organizational happiness and job motivation are directly and positively related to turnover intention. It is suggested that relevant authorities strengthen the areas of fostering organizational happiness and job motivation of health workers to provide a stronger basis to reduce their turnover intention.