Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health

The Health Effects of Gender-Based Violence in Conflict

Shadab Shahali — 2024-11-15

The Article Abstract is not available

Prevalence and Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Use among Rohingya Women of Reproductive Age Residing in Refugee Camps in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Mansura Islam — 2024-11-15

Background: Comprehensive studies on the determinants of modern contraceptive use in humanitarian settings are relatively uncommon in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive use among Rohingya women living in the refugee camp of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 160 Rohingya refugee women aged 15-49 living in unregistered camps (Camps 7 and 14) in Ukhiya Upazila, Cox's Bazar. In the study, participants were selected using a convenience sampling method, and the sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula. However, only 160 participants were recruited due to travel restrictions and safety measures implemented throughout Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were gathered via a structured questionnaire. Results were summarized using both descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS v.23 software was used for data analysis at 5% level of significance.

Results: The prevalence of contraceptive use was found to be 41.9%. The most commonly used contraceptives were Injection Depot-Provera

(65.7%) and Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP) (28.4%) followed by implant (4.5%) and intrauterine device (IUD) (1.5%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed lower odds of modern contraceptive use among women who had more than a 1.5 year interval between the last two pregnancies (OR = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.07– 0.51) and higher odds were found who expressed a lack of desire for future pregnancies (OR = 13.69; 95% CI = 3.43–54.68). Community Health Workers (CHWs) (80.4%) were the main sources of information on modern contraceptives, whereas hospitals (83.6%) were the most accessible places to obtain contraceptives.

Conclusion: Community health workers play a vital role in disseminating information, emphasizing the need for their training and involvement in relevant programs. These findings are crucial for shaping future research, policies, and reproductive health services in humanitarian settings.

The Effectiveness of a Multimedia Educational Program on the Lifestyle and Perception of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Study Protocol

Shirin Madadkar Dehkordi — 2024-11-15

Background: Atrial fibrillation is a globally common cardiac dysrhythmia and preventable with education. The study protocol aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a multimedia educational program on the lifestyle and perception of patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods: The present clinical trial protocol will be conducted to investigate the effect of multimedia training on the lifestyle and perception of patients with atrial fibrillation in two phases. The multimedia training (audio, video, image, and animation) was provided in the form of two 2-hour training sessions per week for patients on the coordinated date and time on a web platform. The patients also received a weekly phone call for one month through which some educational content was covered as a type of training intervention. The second phase included the administration of pre-test and post-test interventions using standard questionnaires by an intervention (who receive training) and a control (without training) group.

Conclusion: The present study provides a useful protocol regarding the design of a multimedia educational intervention program on promoting the lifestyle and perception of patients with atrial fibrillation. It can also reduce treatment costs. The strategies of this program can be cost-effective therefore the success of such a program can be effective in improving the health status of atrial fibrillation patients.Registration of this randomized control trial has been completed with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.

Study of the Mental Health of the Elderly and Related Factors

Sakineh Gerayllo — 2024-11-15

Background: Aging and increase in the elderly population are the most important issues in recent years in developed countries and some developing countries. Mental health is one of the crucial aspects of elderly well-being and must be addressed to improve community health. This study is conducted to examine the mental health of the elderly and the related factors in Gorgan city, 2022.

Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical and was conducted using a two-stage cluster random sampling method. First, four comprehensive health service centers were selected as a cluster from among the centers of Gorgan city, and then 263 people were randomly selected from the chosen centers, proportionate to the number of registered elderly individuals in the electronic service system. The standard depression questionnaire for the elderly was utilized for assessment. Data were then entered into SPSS software version 18 and with descriptive and analytical statistical tests, including the Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression (The significance level was less than 0.05(.

Results: A total of 263 elderly people were evaluated with a mean age of
68.64 ± 7.2 . 143 (54.4%) were male and 120 (45.6%) were female. The prevalence of depression was reported to be 27.8. The occurrence of depression was significantly associated with age, marital status, and the presence of underlying disease conditions (p < 0.05). However, gender, place of residence, and BMI did not show a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of depression. Aging, underlying diseases, and not being married increase the chance of depression in the elderly.

Conclusion: Although the prevalence of depression in the elderly is lower than the average of the whole country in this study, they are in a better condition. However, due to the fact that they are a special target group, as well as the various risk factors of the disease, including age, lack of marriage, and the presence of an underlying disease in this group, it is suggested that more appropriate planning be done to improve their mental health status.

Psychometric Features of the Emotional Climate Scale for Couples in Divorce Applicants

Mohammad Hossein Sorbi — 2024-11-15

Background: In Iranian courts, counseling centers, and research institutes, the Family Emotional Atmosphere Questionnaire (FEAQ) by Navardgahfard in 1994 is widely used to assess the status of marital relationships. However, the FEAQ's contents are outdated, containing irrelevant questions, and lacking valid psychometric properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to revise and validate the psychometric properties of the Emotional Climate Scale for Couples (ECSC).

Methods: This study was descriptive-correlational in nature and had practical implications. It was conducted from January 17th to July 30th, 2023. All divorce applicants referred by the courts to family counseling centers were included in the study population. Initially, the FEAQ was extracted from the website and modified to consist of 21 questions related to emotional climate between couples.

Results: Subsequently, the face validity of ECSC was confirmed by experts, and exploratory factor analysis (N=307) demonstrated two subscales of lack of feelings and cooperation, and forced with limitations, explaining 63.26% of the variance in the 21 ECSC items. Confirmatory factor analysis (N=205) also indicated an acceptable fit for the ECSC model and showed good construct validity. The test-retest reliability (N=35, with a three-week interval) was 0.83 for the total scale, 0.82 and 0.81 for the two subscales, respectively, while Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the two factors were 0.93 to 0.94 and 0.96 for the total scale.

Conclusion: Therefore, ECSC is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the emotional climate between couples and has wide applicability.

Nutritional Status and Anemia among Scheduled Caste Adolescent Girls of District Yamunanagar, Haryana, India

Priyanka Airi Goyal — 2024-11-15

Background: During adolescence, nutrition is crucial for physical and cognitive development, yet socio-economic disparities and nutritional deficiencies, especially in girls, lead to health vulnerabilities, including high anemia rates. Despite recent data from the National Family Health Survey, there is limited information on adolescents aged 11-16 years, requiring targeted research. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the nutritional status, determine the prevalence of anemia, and explore associated factors among adolescent girls of the scheduled caste in District Yamunanagar, Haryana, India.

Methods: The study sampled 450 scheduled caste girls aged 11-16 years from schools in District Yamunanagar, Haryana. Height and weight were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Data on micro-environmental factors, socio-economic and demographic variables, and dietary habits were collected through interview-based schedule. Hemoglobin levels were measured using Sahli’s Acid Haematin technique, and nutritional status was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) standards (Z-score method).

Results: The study found increases in height, weight, and BMI with age, with notable spurts at 12-13 years for height and 11-12 years for weight and BMI. Significant differences in height, weight, and BMI were observed between age groups. Moreover, 92.2% girls were found to be anemic, with most of them suffering from moderate anemia. Additionally, the prevalence of stunting was 67.33% and wasting was 64.90% among the girls. Household size, number of family members and menarcheal status of the girls showed a significant association with the nutritional status and anemic of the girls.

Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need of regular screening and timely interventions to improve the nutritional and anemic status of adolescent girls.

Religion as a Social Determinant of Health: Perceived Role of Religiosity in Risky Behavior and Social Problems

Narges Arab Moghaddam — 2024-11-15

Background: Religion as a social determinants of health(SDOH) has long been a topic of fascination and debate, affecting various aspects of human life, including behavior. Some behaviors cause social problems due to harmful consequences they have when they become popular. Risky health behaviors are part of these social issues

Method: This study employs Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore individuals' perceptions of the role of religiosity in social problems in Shiraz in 2022 . To gain deeper insights into this relationship, we conducted semi- structured in-depth interviews with 14 participants, who engaged in various forms of risky behavior.

Results: The study revealed four distinct themes: a constructive viewpoint, where religion was seen as integral to addressing social issues, guiding individuals towards positive behavior; a destructive viewpoint, where religion was perceived as a source of harm and risky behavior; a separation between social issues and religion, indicating that certain social problems and behavior transcend religious definitions; and the interaction of religion with some factors which underscores the interplay between religion and other determinants, such as economic status, in shaping perceptions of social problems. Economic status emerged as a significant factor influencing participants' perspectives on social issues and risky behavior.

Conclusion: This study showed that understanding of people involved in high-risk behaviors about the role of religion in the occurrence of these behaviors and social damages are very different. Some consider religion to be very effective in preventing these behaviors, and some consider religion to be the cause of social damage, emphasizing the importance of considering these diverse perspectives in addressing social issues in contemporary society.

Investigating the Relationship between Knowledge Management and Patient Relationship Management and the Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing

Monika Motaghi — 2024-11-15

Background: Individuals and their skills in learning and sharing knowledge are regarded as fundamental factors in the competitive success of organizations. Hence, this study aims to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and patient relationship management and the mediating role of knowledge sharing among the staff of Shahid Ayatollah Dastgheib Hospital in Shiraz.

Methods: This study employs a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design. The statistical population included all the staff of Shahid Dastgheib Hospital in Shiraz in 2023, totaling 250 individuals. The sample size was determined to be 155 individuals using Morgan table and was selected through stratified random sampling as the final sample, based on quotas. 1-Knowledge Management Questionnaire and Dixon’s Standardized Knowledge Sharing Questionnaire . Data were analyzed via Pearson correlation coefficient and univariate regression analysis using SPSS-25 software.

Results: The findings indicated a significant relationship between the mean score of knowledge management and the mean score of patient relationship management (P = 0.001). Knowledge management can positively and significantly predict communication with the patient (P=0.001, β=0.276) and knowledge sharing can positively and significantly predict communication with the patient )P= 0/001, β = 0.255).

Conclusion: It appears that enhancing knowledge management, knowledge sharing, and relationships among hospital staff are concepts closely linked to productivity, effectiveness, and performance of personnel and organizations.

A Survey of Awareness and Attitudes of Men Aged Over 40 Years about Andropause

Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad — 2024-11-15

Introduction: Andropause is a condition that affects men as they age, similar to menopause in women. Unfortunately, there is limited research on this topic in Iran, and many men are unfamiliar with this concept. To address this knowledge gap, a study was conducted to investigate the attitudes and awareness of andropause among men over the age of 40 in Ardakan City.

Methods: This study was conducted on 281 men aged over 40 years from Ardakan city in 2019. The sampling method used was cluster sampling and data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed, using SPSS software version 18 and the statistical methods of variance, Pearson correlation, and regression were used.

Results: Men have a low level of awareness about andropause, and their attitude towards it is negative. The study found that the mean score of participants’ awareness about andropause was significantly impacted by age groups (P <0.05), education level (P <0.05) and occupation (P <0.05). In terms of attitude towards andropause, the mean score was significantly impacted by age groups (P <0.05) and occupation (P <0.05), but not by education level (P >0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficient shows that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the mean score of awareness and the score of attitude.

Conclusion: The low awareness and negative attitudes towards andropause among men in Ardakan City emphasize the need for more education and awareness on this topic. Providing men with accurate information about the symptoms, causes, and management of andropause is crucial to help them make informed decisions regarding their health. By addressing the knowledge gap and promoting positive attitudes towards andropause, healthcare providers can enhance the overall well-being of men in this age group.

Determinants of Domestic Violence during Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study

Saeedeh Sadeghi — 2024-11-15

Background: Due to the importance of the issue and the fact that up-to-date studies in this topic have not been conducted in Yazd city, the present research was conducted to investigate and determine the intensity and frequency of domestic violence among pregnant women.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study and sampling was done by simple random method. pregnant women referred to health centers in Yazd in 2021 participated in the study. For the study, 246 pregnant women were selected from 3 health centers in Yazd city in 2021. The tool used for the study was the standard questionnaire known as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). This questionnaire was utilized to assess domestic violence, measures of dispute resolution, and demographic characteristics. After inputting the data into the SPSS version 26, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical tests were used for data analysis.

Results: The results showed that the average age of women was 31.47 ± 7.68 with a minimum age of 17 and a maximum of 55. The severity and frequency of the types of violence were measured, and the types of violence in the extreme state related to physical, mental, sexual, and verbal violence and resulting in physical injury were found to be 10%, 25%, 7%, 10%, and 19% respectively. Violence against pregnant mothers showed a significant relationship with the economic status of the family, the age of the mother's marriage, the education level of the parents, and the duration of their marriage (p<0.001). One of the most important variables affecting the severity and frequency of violence against pregnant women was the economic status of the family (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The findings of this study show a connection between education level, economic status, and the prevalence of domestic violence. It is suggested to prioritize the development of diverse communication and problem-solving skills, as well as education related to family behavior on a wider scope.

The Relationship between Work Engagement and Workaholism and Nurses' Job well-being

Banafsheh Abdi — 2024-11-15

Background: Nurses continuously face workaholism and work engagement that affect the professional performance of nurses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between work engagement and workaholism with nurses' job well-being.

Methods: This was a descriptive correlation study. Two hundred nurses from Lahijan Hospitals were selected by convenience sampling method in 1399. Data were collected using three standard questionnaires of work engagement, workaholism, and job well-being. Data analysis was used using SPSS21 software using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and inferential methods (Single regression test).

Results: The results of the study showed that work engagement and workaholism can predict the job well-being of nurses in Lahijan hospitals (p<0.001). Among the dimensions of job well-being, the results showed that workaholism is negatively related to the job satisfaction of nurses(p=0.03), but has a positive relationship with the dimensions of perceived stress and nurses' sleep problems(p<0.001). Among the dimensions of job well-being, work engagement can predict positive the job satisfaction of nurses(p<0.001), but cannot predict the perceived stress and the nurses' sleep problems(p>0.05).

Conclusion: According to the results of the study, work engagement and workaholism are good predictors for nurses' job well–being. Therefore, it is suggested that managers help to enhance nurses' job well-being by improving the motivated and vibrant work environment, creating work engagement, and reducing work addiction.

Determining the Knowledge and Attitude of Medical Intern Students about the Effect of Periodontal Diseases on Systemic Diseases

Monika Motaghi — 2024-11-15

Background: Periodontal diseases are prevalent chronic multifactorial conditions that significantly affect individuals' quality of life across various dimensions. Additionally, the association and impact of periodontal disease on systemic health have been a focus of medical attention for many years. This influence is particularly recognized as a risk factor in several conditions, notably coronary artery disease. Consequently, enhancing awareness and improving the attitudes of healthcare professionals toward this association is of great importance. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the level of awareness and attitudes regarding this impact. This study has investigated the knowledge and attitude of medical intern students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences.

Methods: In this descriptive study, a knowledge of the effect of periodontal disease on systemic diseases and their attitude towards periodontal in medical interns of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, a total of 160 people who were selected by census method, were investigated using a questionnaire based on the study by Thomas and Pralhad in 2011. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software with independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results: A total of 160 medical interns were surveyed. There was a significant positive correlation between the age of students and their attitude toward periodontal health (p=0.024). Additionally, the student's knowledge and attitudes toward periodontal health were not significantly associated with the level of information abo ut periodontal disease or the predominant source of oral health information (p>0.05). Moreover, knowledge of the impact of systemic diseases or conditions on periodontal disease was significantly correlated with awareness of the impact of systemic diseases on periodontal health (p<0.001). Furthermore, attitudes toward periodontal health showed a significant positive correlation with knowledge of the systemic impact on periodontal disease (p<0.01).

Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the participant's knowledge regarding the impact of periodontal disease on systemic health is moderate. While the majority of participants assess their knowledge about periodontal issues as insufficient, they believe that clinical and theoretical education related to this topic should be included in the curriculum of their studies. Furthermore, they express a positive attitude toward acquiring more information and education on this matter.

Predicting Family Stability Based on Emotion Regulation and Sexual Self-Efficacy: The Mediating Role of Marital Intimacy

Razieh Bagheri — 2024-11-15

Background: Consolidating families is a crucial strategy that can enhance and ultimately solidify marital relationships. Factors such as emotions, personality traits, and interpersonal intimacy significantly influence family stability, contributing to mental health promotion and overall societal happiness. Thus, this study aims to predict family stability through emotional regulation and sexual self-efficacy while examining the mediating role of marital intimacy.

Methods: This descriptive-correlational research targeted all married individuals in Yazd City (with a minimum of five years marriage) in 2022. A total of 200 participants were selected using convenience sampling methods. The study employed questionnaires assessing family stability(Low scores in the family stability questionnaire indicate greater stability), sexual self-efficacy, emotion regulation, and marital intimacy. Data analysis was conducted using Amos and SPSS software packages.

Results: The findings revealed that there was no statistically significant relationship between cognitive reappraisal and suppression considering family stability (p > 0.05). Conversely, a significant negative correlation was found between family stability and sexual self-efficacy (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a positive and significant association was between sexual self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal, while a negative and significant correlation was observed between marital intimacy and suppression (p < 0.05). Sexual self-efficacy demonstrated a significant direct negative impact on family stability (β = -0.22). In addition, both sexual self-efficacy (β = 0.16) and cognitive reappraisal (β = 0.66) exhibited significant and direct positive effects, whereas suppression (β = -0.46) had a significant direct and negative effect on marital intimacy.

Conclusion: Enhancing sexual self-efficacy along with marital intimacy and effective emotion regulation among couples can create favorable conditions for family stability and consolidation, marking an important advancement in promoting lasting marital relationships.