Economic and Health Implications of Risk Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a substantial globalhealth and economic challenge, affecting millions of individuals and placing aheavy burden on healthcare systems. This review delves into the major riskfactors contributing to CKD, with a focus on diabetes, hypertension,cardiovascular diseases, age, gender, genetic factors, family history,socioeconomic status, chronic use of certain medications, high protein diet,auto-immune diseases, urinary tract obstruction, recurrent kidney infections,and some additional factors.

Methods: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of theserisk factors on both healthcare costs and patient out-of-pocket expenses,highlighting the direct and indirect financial burdens associated with CKD.

Results: It critically examines how these factors not only accelerate CKDprogression but also compound the financial strain on patients. Diabetes,characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, leads to kidney damage andnecessitates extensive medical management, while hypertension exacerbateskidney deterioration through increased vascular pressure. Socioeconomic statusfurther complicates CKD management, as lower income and limited access tohealthcare services hinder effective treatment and exacerbate health disparities.

Conclusion: This article offers insights into potential interventions and policymeasures designed to mitigate the economic impact on affected individuals,emphasizing the need for integrated strategies to address both the health andfinancial aspects of CKD.