Correlates of Screen Time in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Study

Bita Shalani; Parviz Azadfallah; Hojjatollah Farahani

doi:10.18502/jmr.v15i4.7740

Bita Shalani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Parviz Azadfallah Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Hojjatollah Farahani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v15i4.7740

Keywords: Screen time, Predictors, Correlates, Television, Video game, Children, Adolescent, Digital device

Abstract

Introduction: The use of screen media by children and adolescents is increasing and has destructive effects on various development aspects. This study was done to determine the correlates of Screen Time (ST) in children and adolescents.

Materials and Methods: Published articles from January 2000 to September 2020 were searched through PubMed, PsycNet, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Magiran, SID, and IranDoc databases were searched for Persian studies with no time limitation. The used keywords were correlates OR predictors + screen time, screen use, screen viewing, screen media, mobile use, cellphone use, TV/ television viewing, TV/ television use, TV/ television, computer use, video game, Media exposure, Media use, electronic media, digital media, digital devices, tablet use + adolescent, youth, infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and children. The literature search identified 51 studies that met the inclusion criteria.

Results: After reviewing the studies according to the PRISMA checklist, the correlates were Grouped in five categories: (i) child biological and demographic correlates, (ii) behavioral correlates, (iii) family biological and demographic correlates, (iv) family structure related correlates, and (v) socio-cultural and environmental correlates. The most common correlates found were age, sex, and Body Mass Index (BMI) of children, age and education of parents, socio-economic status, physical activity, quality of the neighborhood, parents’ ST, rules, and Digital Devices (DD) in the child/ adolescent’s bedroom.

Conclusion: The ST in children and adolescents is associated with several factors at intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social/ cultural levels. It is suggested that health promotion programs to reduce the use of these devices should be implemented with a comprehensive view of the individual, family, and society.