Short-Term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular indicators in young adults

Abstract

Introduction: Traffic-Related Air Pollution (TRAP) is a major source of urban air pollution, with vehicular emissions releasing Particulate Matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀), Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and Carbon monoxide (CO) into the atmosphere . Short-term exposure to these pollutants has been linked to adverse cardiovascular effects, including increased blood pressure, reduced Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and arterial stiffness . However, evidence on the immediate cardiovascular responses of healthy young adults following roadside exposure remains limited. This study evaluated the acute cardiovascular effects of short-term exposure to TRAP. Materials and methods: Sixty healthy volunteers aged 18-25 years participated in a 45-min roadside exposure study at a busy urban location. Ambient PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, and CO concentrations were continuously monitored using validated portable air quality sensors and integrated monitoring techniques . Cardiovascular parameters, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HRV (RMSSD and SDNN) and arterial stiffness, were measured before and after exposure using standardized non-invasive instruments . Pre- and post-exposure differences were analyzed using paired t-tests and correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between pollutant concentrations and cardiovascular responses. Results: PM₂.₅ concentrations ranged from 92–118 μg/m³ and NO₂ concentrations from 58–72 ppb, exceeding the World Health Organization air quality guideline values. Following exposure, systolic blood pressure increased by 4–6 mmHg, HRV indices decreased by 10–20% and arterial stiffness increased. PM₂.₅ concentrations were significantly associated with increased blood pressure and reduced HRV, consistent with previous studies. Conclusion: Short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution produced measurable cardiovascular changes in healthy young adults, including elevated blood pressure, reduced HRV, and increased arterial stiffness. These findings