Orchestrating Metabolic Homeostasis: The Role of Gut Hormones in Next-Generation Therapies for Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, have reached epidemic proportions globally, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. The gut-brain axis, particularly gut hormones, plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, offering promising targets for intervention. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on gut hormone-based therapies for metabolic disorders, focusing on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Gut hormones, including GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin, orchestrate complex physiological responses to nutrient intake, influencing insulin secretion, appetite, and energy expenditure. Recent advancements in incretin-based therapies, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists, have shown remarkable efficacy in improving glycemic control and promoting weight loss. These therapies exploit the synergistic actions of multiple gut hormones, offering a more comprehensive approach to metabolic regulation. Emerging research on PYY analogs and ghrelin antagonists further expands the therapeutic landscape. However, challenges remain in optimizing delivery methods, ensuring long-term efficacy, and mitigating potential side effects. Gut hormone-based therapies represent a paradigm shift in the management of metabolic disorders. By harnessing the intricate signaling networks of the gut-brain axis, these innovative approaches offer the potential for more effective and targeted interventions in obesity and type 2 diabetes, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies in metabolic medicine.