Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive joint destruction, and systemic complications. Although genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to disease development, the precise mechanisms underlying RA pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. Alterations in the composition and function of gut microbial communities (dysbiosis) have been associated with immune dysregulation and the development of autoimmune diseases, including RA. Recent studies indicate that modulation of the gut microbiome through probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, and microbiota-targeted therapies may alleviate inflammation and improve clinical outcomes in RA patients. This review summarizes the current understanding of RA pathogenesis, highlights the role of gut microbiota in immune regulation, and discusses the therapeutic potential of microbiome-based interventions in the management of RA